Q: Can you get sick just from being cold, like sitting in an overly air-conditioned room or going out without a jacket? Or do you need to actually catch a virus or somehow be infected?

A: There’s no question that people need to be exposed to viruses to get sick. A cold is a viral upper respiratory infection, so no virus, no cold, said Dr. Stan Spinner, chief medical officer for Texas Children’s Pediatrics.

People link cold weather with colds, but that doesn’t mean there’s a cause and effect, Spinner said: “These viruses that cause us to catch a cold predominate during the winter months in this part of the world.”

Cold weather also keeps people inside more. “We’re more likely to be in close quarters this time of year, close together among those who are already sick,” Dr. Michael L. Munger, a physician in Overland Park, Kansas, said in an email.

Home heating and humidity also can play a role in winter health, Spinner said. Running the heat to keep the house warm also dries it out — and can dry out our sinuses, too. “When you don’t have good nasal mucus flow, it’s harder for the immune system to work against the virus,” he said.

Research suggests that low indoor humidity may promote the transmission of flu. With high humidity, flu viruses expelled in a sneeze, for example, tend to attach to water molecules and may drop out of the air before they can trigger a new infection. In a dry room, those flu viruses often continue to float around until they reach their next victim.

There also are some scattered laboratory studies that suggest being cold might weaken the immune system. A 2017 study found that immune cells that are chilled are less effective at fighting off viruses, at least in a lab dish, making it “easier for the virus to infect,” said Dr. Prasert Auewarakul, a co-author and professor of virology at the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University in Thailand.

In a 2005 study, college students whose feet were soaked in cold water for 20 minutes a day were more likely to get sick than those not exposed. Research in mouse cells suggests that the cold virus replicates faster at cold temperatures.